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== Microcontroller Overview ==<br />
Definition: A '''microcontroller''' is a single chip containing at least a CPU, non-volatile memory, volatile memory, a timer and an I/O control unit.<br /><br />
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Basically a microcontroller can be described as a computer on a chip. The difference between a microcontroller and a regular PC is that the PC is a general purpose computer while a microcontroller is a computer dedicated to one or just a few tasks.<br /><br />
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A microcontroller apart from the above mentioned components usually also include, but not limited to, serial communication capabilities, interrupt controls and analog I/O capabilities. The figure below gives the basic layout of a general AVR microcontroller.<br /><br />
[[File:Microcontoller_Components.png]]<br />
==Microcontroller (MCU) vs Microprocessor==<br />
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What is a microcontroller?<br /><br />
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A Microcontroller is basically a computer on a chip. It differs form normal desktop or laptop computers in that a microcontroller is an application specific computer that usually runs a single program performing dedicated task(s) while the the later two are general purpose computers that can run numerous programs depending on a users needs. A microcontroller contains on chip CPU, input/output interface, memory, clock, timer, and an assortment of of other peripherals.<br /><br />
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A Microprocessor on the other hand is just a CPU one has to add externally memory, clock, input/output interfaces, timer and all other needed peripheral. This is the reason a microprocessor has so many pins.<br /><br />
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[[File:Microcontroller-Microprocessor.png]]<br />
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=== Advantages of a similar microcontroller vs microprocessor product ===<br />
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* Product smaller - A microcontroller product has many components on one chip and so is more compact. With a microprocessor product one have to add several other chips and so its bulky.<br /><br />
* Cheaper - All the components on a microcontroller is manufacturer on a single chip and so is mush cheaper than having to manufacture several chips as is the case for a microprocessor system.<br /><br />
* AVR Tutorials hopes that this tutorial on microcontroller vs microprocessor systems was beneficial to you and looks for to your continued visits for all your microcontroller tutorial needs.<br /><br />
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== ROM & RAM ==<br />
* ROM (or flash-based MCU) - CPU can only read, can not write, save user program in ROM<br />
* RAM - CPU can write or read data, when power lost data also lose<br />
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== Explain ==<br />
* 标准51单片机是12T的，就是说12个时钟周期（晶振周期，例如12M的，周期是1/12M，单位秒），机器做一个指令周期，刚好就是1/12M*12=1uS，常见指令例如_nop_就是一个周期，刚好1uS，其他的大多多于一个周期，乘除法更多。所以如果计算指令时间可以这样算。<br />
== Documents ==<br />
* [[MCU Compare]]<br />
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[[Category: Topics]]<br />
[[category: Embedded System]]</div>Chao